Atlante degli uccelli nidificanti nella città di Milano
Scheda
Questo volume riassume oltre quindici anni di indagini sull’avifauna nidificante nella città di Milano, realizzate grazie al contributo di decine di volontari. Offre un quadro esaustivo della distribuzione di 80 specie nel periodo 2009-2024, ottenuto armonizzando i dati raccolti nell’ambito di diversi progetti di citizen science. I risultati mostrano dinamiche contrastanti: da un lato un aumento della biodiversità, dovuto all’espansione di specie di uccelli forestali, favorito dall’incremento del verde urbano e dalla maturazione della vegetazione arborea; dall’altro, l’espansione di specie non native e la contrazione di specie iconiche degli ambienti urbani. L’Atlante costituisce uno strumento indispensabile per integrare la tutela della biodiversità nella pianificazione urbana del futuro.
Capitoli
-
Biodiversità urbana
-
Gli spazi verdi e la biodiversità a Milano: il contributo dei piani urbanistici
-
L’avifauna della città di Milano: una prospettiva storica
-
Aspetti metodologici
-
Analisi sintetica delle distribuzioni delle specie e considerazioni generali sull’evoluzione recente dell’avifauna di Milano
-
Le specie di uccelli nidificanti a Milano
-
Appendice
Downloads
Riferimenti bibliografici
Alba R., Marcolin F., Assandri G., Ilahiane L., Cochis F., Brambilla M., Rubolini D., Chamberlain D. (2025a). Different traits shape winners and losers in urban bird assemblages across seasons. Scientific Reports 15: 16181.
Alba R., Marcolin F., Ferrario V., Assandri G., Ilahiane L., Cochis F., Regaiolo I., Rubolini D., Caprio E., Chamberlain D. (2025b). Urban bird diversity and ecosystem services are shaped by fine-scale habitat features. npj Urban Sustainability 5: 114.
Ambrosini R., Rubolini D., Trovò P., Liberini G., Bandini M., Romano A., Sicurella B., Scandolara C., Romano M., Saino N. (2012). Maintenance of livestock farming may buffer population decline of the Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica. Bird Conservation International 22: 411-428.
Arcila J., Peña-Villalobos I., Muñoz-Pacheco C.B., Sanhueza-Cisterna F., Galdames D., Arancibia-Altamirano D., Otárola F.A., Landaeta D., Basto F.D., Aroca C.C., Jiménez T., Sabat P., Palma V. (2025). Urbanization’s hidden influence: Linking landscape alterations and feather coloration with pigeon’s cholesterol levels. Environmental Research 271: 121115.
Aronson M.F., Nilon C.H., Lepczyk C.A., Parker T.S., Warren P.S., Cilliers S.S., Goddard M.A., Hahs A.K., Herzog C., Katti M., La Sorte F.A. (2016). Hierarchical filters determine community assembly of urban species pools. Ecology 97: 2952-2963.
Arcidiacono A., Pogliani L. (2011). Misure e valutazione dell’urbanistica milanese. Piani, progetti e politiche. In: Arcidiacono A., Pogliani L. (eds.), Milano al Futuro. Riforma o crisi del governo urbano, FrancoAngeli Editore, pp. 157-206.
Arcidiacono A., Galuzzi P., Pogliani P., Rota G., Solero E., Vitillo P. (2013). Il Piano Urbanistico di Milano (PGT 2012). Wolters Kluwer.
Assandri G., Alba R., Bajno L., Brambilla M., Caprio E., Cochis F., Ilahiane L., Marcolin F., Regaiolo I., Rubolini D., Chamberlain D. (2025). Designing the biodiversity-friendly city of the future: An avian community perspective on land sharing and land sparing. Landscape and Urban Planning 263: 105462.
August T., Harvey M., Lightfoot P., Kilbey D., Papadopoulos T., Jepson P. (2015). Emerging technologies for biological recording. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 115: 731-749.
Baccetti N., Fracasso G., Gotti C. (2014). La lista CISO-COI degli uccelli italiani-Parte seconda: le specie naturalizzate (cat. C) e le categorie “di servizio” (cat. D, E, X). Avocetta 38: 1-21.
Baccetti N., Fracasso G., C.O.I. (2021). Lista CISO-COI 2020 degli uccelli italiani. Avocetta 45: 21-82.
Baccetti, N., Serra, L., Zenatello, M. (2002). Uccelli e agricoltura: aspetti di ecologia e conservazione nelle aree rurali italiane. Istituto Nazionale per la Fauna Selvatica.
Bakonyi T., Haussig J.M. (2020). West Nile virus keeps on moving up in Europe. Eurosurveillance 25: 2001938.
Ballarini G., Baldaccini N.E., Pezza F. (1989). Colombi in città. Aspetti biologici, sanitari e giuridici. Metodologie di controllo. Istituto Nazionale di Biologia della Selvaggina, Documenti Tecnici 6, Ozzano Emilia.
Baldaccini N.E., Giunchi D. (2006). Le popolazioni urbane di colombo: considerazioni sulla loro genesi e sulle metodologie di gestione. Biologia Ambientale 20: 125-141.
Balsamo Crivelli G. (1844). Uccelli finora osservati in Lombardia. In: Cattaneo C. (ed.), Notizie naturali e civili sulla Lombardia, Bernardoni, pp. 355–386.
Barot S., Abbadie L., Auclerc A., Barthelemy C., Bérille E., Billet P., Clergeau P., Consales J.-N., Deschamp-Cottin M., David A., Devigne C., Dham V., Dusza Y., Gaillard A., Gonzalez E., Hédont M., Labarraque D., Le Bastard A.-M., Morel J.L., Petit-Berghem Y., Veyrières M. (2019). Urban ecology, stakeholders and the future of ecology. Science of the Total Environment 667: 475-484.
Batáry P., Kurucz K., Suarez‐Rubio M., Chamberlain D.E. (2018). Non‐linearities in bird responses across urbanization gradients: A meta‐analysis. Global Change Biology 24: 1046-1054.
Battisti C., Zullo F. (2019). A recent colonizer bird as indicator of human induced landscape change: Eurasian collared dove (Streptopelia decaocto) in a small Mediterranean island. Regional Environmental Change 19: 213-221.
Baumann O., Brooks-Cederqvist B. (2023). Multimodal assessment of effects of urban environments on psychological wellbeing. Heliyon 9: e16433.
Belaire J.A., Westphal L.M., Whelan C.J., Minor E.S. (2015). Urban residents’ perceptions of birds in the neighborhood: biodiversity, cultural ecosystem services, and disservices. Ornithological Applications 117: 192-202.
Belardi M., Canziani M., Contesini E., Ferri A. (1999). Indagine sulla popolazione di Gheppio (Falco tinnunculus) nidificante nella città di Milano (1995-1998). Avocetta 23: 126.
Belgiojoso G. (1974). Insolita nidificazione di Codirosso spazzacamino (Phoenicurus ochrurus gibraltariensis) a Milano. Rivista Italiana di Ornitologia 44: 220.
Bellard C., Cassey P., Blackburn T.M. (2016). Alien species as a driver of recent extinctions. Biology Letters 12: 20150623.
Beninde J., Veith M., Hochkirch A. (2015). Biodiversity in cities needs space: a meta‐analysis of factors determining intra‐urban biodiversity variation. Ecology Letters 18: 581-592.
Berigan L.A., Greig E.I., Bonter D.N. (2020). Urban house sparrow (Passer domesticus) populations decline in North America. The Wilson Journal of Ornithology 132: 248-58.
Bernard-Verdier M., Seitz B., Buchholz S., Kowarik I., Lasuncion Mejia S., Jeschke J.M. (2022). Grassland allergenicity increases with urbanisation and plant invasions. Ambio 51: 2261-2277.
Bettoni E. (1865). Storia naturale degli uccelli che nidificano in Lombardia. Tipi del Pio Istituto del Patronato.
Beyer H.L., Haydon D.T., Morales J.M., Frair J.L., Hebblewhite M., Mitchell M., Matthiopoulos J. (2010). The interpretation of habitat preference metrics under use-availability designs. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 365: 2245-2254.
Bibby C.J. (2000). Bird census techniques. Elsevier.
BirdLife International (2021). European Red List of Birds 2021. Publications Office of the European Union.
Blackburn J.R., Holloway S.J., Rehfisch M.M. (2002). Assessing The Effects of Scaring Starlings Roosting on Blackpool Piers. BTO Research Report No. 302, The British Trust for Ornithology.
Boal C.W., Dykstra C.R. (eds.) (2018). Urban raptors: ecology and conservation of birds of prey in cities. Island Press.
Boariani M., Dorigati R., Erba V., Molon M., Morandi C. (1982). La costruzione della Milano moderna. Clup.
Boatti A. (2007). Urbanistica a Milano. Sviluppo urbano, pianificazione e ambiente tra passato e futuro. CittàStudi edizioni - De Agostini Scuola.
Boatti A. (2009). Strategie e politiche per un sistema del verde e dei parchi a Milano. Territorio 29–30: 151–158.
Boatti A., Prusicki M. (2020). I nuovi navigli Milanesi. Storia per il futuro. Politecnica.
Bonazzi P., Buvoli L., Belardi M., Brambilla M., Celada C., Favaron M., Gottardi G., Nova M., Rubolini D., Fornasari L. (2005). Il progetto AVIUM - Atlante VIrtuale degli Uccelli di Milano. Ecologia Urbana XVII: 13-16.
Bondioni B., Bonazzi P., Bonomelli L., Celada C., Fornasari L., Gottardi G., Nova M., Reginato F., Sozzi M., Tonetti J., Chamberlain D.E., Brambilla M., Rubolini D., Ilahiane L. (2025). 30 years of urban changes: A long-term analysis of breeding bird communities in the city of Milan. In: Monti F., Costanzo A., Ramellini S. (eds.), Atti del XXII Convegno Italiano di Ornitologia, CISO - Centro Italiano Studi Ornitologici, pp. 46-37.
Bonnefoy X., Kampen H., Sweeney K. (2008). Public health significance of urban pests. World Health Organization.
Boriani M., Dorigati R., Erba V., Molon M., Morandi C. (1982). La costruzione della Milano moderna. Clup.
Borromeo C. (1886). Osservazioni ed appunti di ornitologia. Atti della Società Italiana di Scienze Naturali 29: 298.
Both C., Visser M.E., van Balen H. (2002). The rise and fall of an Eurasian Tree Sparrow Passer montanus population. Limosa 75: 41-50.
Bradley C.A., Gibbs S.E., Altizer S. (2008). Urban land use predicts West Nile virus exposure in songbirds. Ecological Applications 18: 1083-1092.
Brambilla M., Ilahiane L., Caprio E., Calvi G., Lardelli R., Bogliani G., Brichetti P., Celada C., Conca G., Fraticelli F., Gustin M., Janni O., Pedrini P., Puglisi L., Ruggieri L., Spina F., Tinarelli R., Chamberlain D.E., Rubolini D. (2025). High-resolution habitat suitability maps for all widespread Italian breeding bird species. Scientific Data 12: 665.
Bressler S.A., Diamant E.S., Tingley M.W., Yeh P.J. (2020). Nests in the cities: adaptive and non-adaptive phenotypic plasticity and convergence in an urban bird. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 287: 287: 20202122.
Brichetti P., Fracasso G. (2004). Ornitologia italiana - Vol. II. Alberto Perdisa Editore.
Brichetti P., Fracasso G. (2010). Ornitologia italiana - Vol. VI. Alberto Perdisa Editore.
Brichetti P., Grattini N. (2022). Distribuzione e trend delle popolazioni di Strillozzo Emberiza calandra nidificanti in Italia settentrionale nel periodo 1980-2022. Alula 29: 3-26.
Brichetti P., Rubolini D., Galeotti P., Fasola M. (2008). Recent declines in urban Italian Sparrow Passer (domesticus) italiae populations in northern Italy. Ibis 150: 177–181.
Burfield I., van Bommel F. (2004). Birds in Europe: population estimates, trends and conservation status. BirdLife International.
Callaghan C.T., Ozeroff I., Hitchcock C., Chandler M. (2020). Capitalizing on opportunistic citizen science data to monitor urban biodiversity: A multi-taxa framework. Biological Conservation 251: 108753.
Calzolari V., Ghio M. (1961). Verde per la Città. De Luca.
Calvi G., Muzio M. (2019). Little Owl Athene noctua survey in Milan, northern Italy: distribution, habitat preferences and considerations about sampling protocol. Avocetta 43: 37-48.
Campedelli T., Buvoli L., Bonazzi P., Calabrese L., Calvi G., Celada C., Cutini S., De Carli E., Fornasari L., Fulco E., La Gioia G., Londi G., Rossi P., Silva L., Tellini Florenzano G. (2012). Andamenti di popolazione delle specie comuni nidificanti in Italia: 2000-2011. Avocetta 36: 121-143.
Campos Venuti G., Boatti A., Canevari A.P., Erba V., Oliva F. (1986). Un secolo di urbanistica a Milano. Clup.
Campos Venuti G., Oliva F. (eds.) (1993). Cinquant’anni di urbanistica in Italia, 1942- 1992. Laterza.
Canziani M., Lietti A., Lietti P. (1996). Analisi dell’alimentazione di una coppia di Falco pellegrino Falco peregrinus in ambiente urbano a Milano (dicembre 1993 – marzo 1995). Ecologia urbana 8: 1.
Cardador L., Blackburn T.M. (2019). Human‐habitat associations in the native distributions of alien bird species. Journal of Applied Ecology 56: 1189-1199.
Carlon E., Dominoni D.M. (2024). The role of urbanization in facilitating the introduction and establishment of non-native animal species: a comprehensive review. Journal of Urban Ecology 10: juae015.
Carroll S.P. (2011). Conciliation biology: the eco‐evolutionary management of permanently invaded biotic systems. Evolutionary Applications 4: 184-199.
Casale F. 2015. Atlante degli Uccelli del Parco Lombardo della Valle del Ticino. Parco Lombardo della Valle del Ticino e Fondazione Lombardia per l’Ambiente.
Casale F., Bergero V., Brambilla M., Campana F., Decarli M.L., Falco R., Gini R., Redondi A., Siliprandi M., Tucci R., Crovetto G.M., Bogliani G. (2012). Atlante della biodiversità nelle aree protette del Nord Milanese. Fondazione Lombardia per l’Ambiente, Milano.
Casanelles-Abella J., Egerer M. (2025). Ecology for future cities. Basic and Applied Ecology 83: 55-63.
Chamberlain D.E., Fuller R.J., Bunce R.G.H., Duckworth J.C, Shrubb M. (2000). Changes in the abundance of farmland birds in relation to the timing of agricultural intensification in England and Wales. Journal of Applied Ecology 37: 771–788.
Chamberlain D., Reynolds C., Amar A., Henry D., Caprio E., Batáry P. (2020). Wealth, water and wildlife: landscape aridity intensifies the urban luxury effect. Global Ecology and Biogeography 29: 1595–1605.
Chavatte J.M., Giraud P., Esperet D., Place G., Cavalier F., Landau I. (2019). An outbreak of trichomonosis in European greenfinches Chloris chloris and European goldfinches Carduelis carduelis wintering in Northern France. Parasite 26: 21.
Comitato per il Capitale Naturale (2018). Secondo Rapporto sullo stato del Capitale Naturale in Italia. Ministero dell’Ambiente e della Sicurezza Energetica.
Comitato per lo Sviluppo del Verde (2018). Strategia Nazionale del Verde Urbano - Foreste urbane resilienti ed eterogenee per la salute e il benessere dei cittadini. Ministero dell’Ambiente e della Tutela del Territorio e del Mare.
Comune di Milano (2019). Piano di Governo del Territorio - Milano 2030. Comune di Milano (https://pgt.comune.milano.it/pgt-milano2030-approvato).
Comune di Milano (2025). Disponibilità di verde urbano in mq per abitante 2011- 2023. Comune di Milano (https://dati.comune.milano.it/dataset/ ds2926-disponibilita-di-verde-urbano-in-mq-per-abitante-2011-avanti).
Coogan S.C., Raubenheimer D., Zantis S.P., Machovsky‐Capuska G.E. (2018). Multidimensional nutritional ecology and urban birds. Ecosphere 9: e02177.
Corregidor-Castro A., Morinay J., McKinlay S.E., Ramellini S., Assandri G., Bazzi G., Glavaschi A., De Capua E.L., Grapputo A., Romano A., Morganti M., Cecere J.G., Pilastro A., Rubolini D. (2023). Experimental nest cooling reveals dramatic effects of heatwaves on reproduction in a Mediterranean bird of prey. Global Change Biology 29: 5552-5567.
Cox D.T., Hudson H.L., Plummer K.E., Siriwardena G.M., Anderson K., Hancock S., Devine-Wright P., Gaston K. J. (2018). Covariation in urban birds providing cultural services or disservices and people. Journal of Applied Ecology 55: 2308-2319.
Cramp S. (1998). The complete birds of the Western Palearctic on CD-ROM. Oxford University Press.
Crowley S.L., Hinchliffe S., McDonald R.A. (2019). The parakeet protectors: understanding opposition to introduced species management. Journal of Environmental Management 229: 120-132.
Dadam D., Robinson R.A., Clements A., Peach W.J., Bennett M., Rowcliffe J.M., Cunningham A.A. (2019). Avian malaria-mediated population decline of a widespread iconic bird species. Royal Society Open Science 6: 182197.
Daily G.C. (ed.) (1997). Nature’s Services: Societal Dependence on Natural Ecosystems. Island Press.
Danley B., Widmark C. (2016). Evaluating conceptual definitions of ecosystem services and their implications. Ecological Economics 126: 132-138.
Davis M.A., Chew M.K., Hobbs R.J., Lugo A.E., Ewel J.J., Vermeij G.J., Brown J.H., Rosenzweig M.L., Gardener M.R., Carroll S.P., Thompson K. (2011). Don’t judge species on their origins. Nature 474: 153-154.
De Laet J., Summers-Smith J. D. (2007). The status of the urban house sparrow Passer domesticus in north-western Europe: a review. Journal of Ornithology 148: 275-278.
de Leeuw E. (2021). One Health(y) Cities: Cities are pandemic ecosystems and that’s where the action ought to happen. Cities and Health 5: S26-S31.
Dickie I.A., Bennett B.M., Burrows L.E., Nuñez M.A., Peltzer D.A., Porté A., Richardson D.M., Rejmánek M., Rundel P.W., Van Wilgen B.W. (2014). Conflicting values: ecosystem services and invasive tree management. Biological Invasions 16: 705-719.
Dietzel A., Moretti M., Perrele K., Cook L.M. (2025). Urban heat exacerbates climatic risks to urban biodiversity. npj Urban Sustainability 6: 4.
Dinetti M. (1988). Gli uccelli negli ambienti urbani italiani - Rassegna bibliografica. Centro Italiano Ecologia Urbana.
Dinetti M., Ascani P. (1990). Atlante degli uccelli nidificanti nel Comune di Firenze. Comune di Firenze.
Dinetti M., Cignini B., Fraissinet M., Zapparoli M. (1996). Urban ornithological atlases in Italy. Acta Ornithologica 31: 15-23.
Donald P.F., Green R.E., Heath M.F. (2001). Agricultural intensification and the collapse of Europe’s farmland bird populations. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 268: 25-29.
Donald P.F., Sanderson F.J., Burfield I.J., van Bommel F.P. (2006). Further evidence of continent-wide impacts of agricultural intensification on European farmland birds, 1990–2000. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 116: 189–196.
du Toit M.J., Hahs A.K., MacGregor-Fors I. (2021). The Effect of Landscape History on the Urban Environment: Past Landscapes, Present Patterns. In: Shackleton C.M., Cilliers S.S., Davoren E., du Toit M.J. (eds.), Urban Ecology in the Global South - Cities and Nature, Springer, pp. 51-78.
Ellwanger J.H., Byrne L.B., Chies J.A.B. (2022). Examining the paradox of urban disease ecology by linking the perspectives of Urban One Health and Ecology with Cities. Urban Ecosystems 25: 1735-1744.
Ezenwa V.O., Godsey M.S., King R.J., Guptill S.C. (2006). Avian diversity and West Nile virus: testing associations between biodiversity and infectious disease risk. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: 273: 109-117.
Fan G., Yu Y., Gao M., Sharifi A., Pathak M., Zhang K., de Arróyabe Hernáez P.F., Deng Q. (2025). One climate, one urban, one health. Sustainable Cities and Society 130: 106619.
Fasola M., Rubolini D., Merli E., Boncompagni E., Bressan U. (2010). Long-term trends of heron and egret populations in Italy, and the effects of climate, human-induced mortality, and habitat on population dynamics. Population Ecology 52: 59-72.
Ferlini F. (2015). Evoluzione dell’areale riproduttivo della Cutrettola “italiana” Motacilla flava cinereocapilla. Rivista Italiana di Ornitologia 85: 3-18.
Fidino M., Limbrick K., Bender J., Gallo T., Magle S.B. (2022). Strolling through a century: replicating historical bird surveys to explore 100 years of change in an urban bird community. The American Naturalist 199: 159-167.
Fischer J.D., Schneider S.C., Ahlers A.A., Miller J.R. (2015). Categorizing wildlife responses to urbanization and conservation implications of terminology. Conservation Biology 29: 1246-1248.
Fisher I., Ashpole J., Scallan D., Proud T., Carboneras C. (2018). International Single Species Action Plan for the conservation of the European Turtle dove Streptopelia turtur (2018 to 2028). European Commission.
Fournet F., Simard F., Fontenille D. (2024). Green cities and vector-borne diseases: emerging concerns and opportunities. Eurosurveillance 29: 2300548.
Foley J.A., DeFries R., Asner G.P., Barford C., Bonan G., Carpenter S.R., Chapin F.S., Coe M.T., Daily G.C., Gibbs H.K., Helkowski J.H., Holloway T., Howard E.A., Kucharik C.J., Monfreda C., Patz J.A., Prentice I.C., Ramankutty N., Snyder P.K. (2005). Global Consequences of Land Use. Science 309: 570–574.
Fraissinet M. (2017). Gli Atlanti ornitologici in lingua italiana. Monografia ASOIM n. 19. Associazione Studi Ornitologici Italia Meridionale.
Fraissinet M., Ancillotto L., Migliozzi A., Capasso S., Bosso L., Chamberlain D.E., Russo D. (2023). Responses of avian assemblages to spatiotemporal landscape dynamics in urban ecosystems. Landscape Ecology 38: 293-305.
Fraixedas S., Lindén A., Piha M., Cabeza M., Gregory R., Lehikoinen A. (2020). A state-of-the-art review on birds as indicators of biodiversity: Advances, challenges, and future directions. Ecological Indicators 118: 106728.
Fuchs R., Herold M., Verburg P.H., Clevers J.G., Eberle J. (2015). Gross changes in reconstructions of historic land cover/use for Europe between 1900 and 2010. Global Change Biology 21: 299-313.
Fuller R.J. (ed.) (2012). Birds and habitat: relationships in changing landscapes. Cambridge University Press.
Garnett S.T., Christidis L. (2017). Taxonomy anarchy hampers conservation. Nature 546: 25-27.
Gabellini P. (2024). Avvicinarsi all’Urbanistica. Approaching urbanism. Planum Publisher.
Gaertner M., Wilson J.R., Cadotte M.W., MacIvor J.S., Zenni R.D., Richardson D.M. (2017). Non-native species in urban environments: patterns, processes, impacts and challenges. Biological Invasions 19: 3461-3469.
Gámez S., Potts A., Mills K.L., Allen A.A., Holman A., Randon P.M., Linson O., Harris N.C. (2022). Downtown diet: a global meta-analysis of increased urbanization on the diets of vertebrate predators. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: 289: 20212487.
García-Arroyo M., Gómez-Martínez M.A., MacGregor-Fors I. (2023). Litter buffet: On the use of trash bins by birds in six boreal urban settlements. Avian Research 14: 100094.
Gaston K.J., Ávila‐Jiménez M.L., Edmondson J.L. (2013). Managing urban ecosystems for goods and services. Journal of Applied Ecology 50: 830-840.
Gaston K.J. (2022). Birds and ecosystem services. Current Biology 32: R1163-R1166.
Gelati A., Ferraresi M., Giannella C., Ferri M., Poglayen G. (2019). Progettare nel rispetto della protezione della biodiversità: raccomandazioni e linee guida per la ristrutturazione e costruzione di edifici storici e moderni. CISNIAR.
Gentili R., Quaglini L.A., Galasso G., Montagnani C., Caronni S., Cardarelli E., Citterio S. (2024). Urban refugia sheltering biodiversity across world cities. Urban Ecosystems 27: 219-230.
Gimpel G., Grandi E., Nova M., Pinoli G. (1986). Nidificazione del Rondone pallido, Apus pallidus, nella città di Milano. Rivista Italiana di Ornitologia 56: 264-266.
Godet L., Challéat S., Barré K. (2026). Part-night lighting fails to restore natural song rhythms in urban European Robins. Environmental Pollution 396: 127837.
Grimm N.B., Faeth S.H., Golubiewski N.E., Redman C.L., Wu J.G., Bai X., Briggs J.M. (2008). Global change and the ecology of cities. Science 319: 756–760.
Grigolo C.P., Sicurella B., Musitelli F., Romano A., Caprioli M., Rubolini D., Ambrosini R., Gobbi M. (2019). Diet heterogeneity and antioxidant defence in Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica nestlings. Avocetta 43: 127-137.
Grunst M., Grunst A., Thys B., Pinxten R., Eens M. (2024). Anthropogenic noise and light pollution decrease the repeatability of activity patterns and dampen expression of chronotypes in a free-living songbird. Science of The Total Environment 954: 176552.
Grünwald J., Aunin A., Brambilla M., Escandell V., Eskildsen D. P., Chodkiewicz T., Fontaine B., Jiguet F., Kålås J.A., Kamp J., Klvaňová A., Kuczynski L., Lehikoinen A., Lindström Å., Nellis R., Øien J., Silarová E., Strebel N., Vikstrøm T., Vorisek P., Reif J. (2024). Ecological traits predict population trends of urban birds in Europe. Ecological Indicators 160: 111926.
Guerrero I., Morales M.B., Oñate J.J., Aavik T., Bengtsson J., Berendse F., Clement L.W., Dennis C., Eggers S., Emmerson M., Fischer C. (2011). Taxonomic and functional diversity of farmland bird communities across Europe: effects of biogeography and agricultural intensification. Biodiversity and Conservation 20: 3663-3681.
Güneralp B., Reba M., Hales B. U., Wentz E. A., Seto K. C. (2020). Trends in urban land expansion, density, and land transitions from 1970 to 2010: A global synthesis. Environmental Research Letters 15: 044015.
Gustin M., Nardelli R., Brichetti P., Battistoni A., Rondinini C.,Teofili C. (2021). Lista Rossa IUCN degli uccelli nidificanti in Italia. Comitato Italiano IUCN e Ministero dell’Ambiente e della Tutela del Territorio e del Mare.
Hawkins G.L., Hill G.E., Mercadante A. (2012). Delayed plumage maturation and delayed reproductive investment in birds. Biological Reviews 87: 257-274.
Hedblom M., Knez I., Gunnarsson B. (2017). Bird Diversity Improves the Well- Being of City Residents. In: Murgu E., Hedblom M. (eds.), Ecology and Conservation of Birds in Urban Environments, Springer, pp. 287-306.
Hermansen J.S., Haas F., Trier C.N., Bailey R.I., Nederbragt A.J., Marzal A., Sætre G.P. (2014). Hybrid speciation through sorting of parental incompatibilities in Italian sparrows. Molecular Ecology 23: 5831-5842.
Inger R., Gregory R., Duffy J.P., Stott I., Voříšek P., Gaston K.J. (2015). Common European birds are declining rapidly while less abundant species’ numbers are rising. Ecology Letters 18: 28-36.
Infussi F., Montedoro L., Pasqui G. (2019). Scali a Milano. Prove di innovazione? EcoWebTown - Journal of Sustainable Design 20: 1-62.
Jambhekar R., Naidu D.G., Krishnaswamy J. (2025). Effects of heat stress and green cover on urban birds in the megacity of Bengaluru. Ecological Applications 35: e70039.
Johnston R.F., Janiga M. (1995). Feral pigeons. Oxford University Press.
Jokimäki J., Kaisanlahti-Jokimäki M.L. (2012). Residential areas support overwintering possibilities of most bird species. Annales Zoologici Fennici 49: 240-256.
Jokimäki J., Suhonen J., Kaisanlahti-Jokimäki M.L. (2018). Urban core areas are important for species conservation: A European-level analysis of breeding bird species. Landscape and Urban Planning 178: 73-81.
Keeler B.L., Hamel P., McPhearson T., Hamann M.H., Donahue M.L., Meza Prado K.A., Arkema K.K., Bratman G.N., Brauman K.A., Finlay J.C., Wood S.A. (2019). Social-ecological and technological factors moderate the value of urban nature. Nature Sustainability 2: 29-38.
Keller V., Herrando S., Voříšek P., Franch M., Kipson M., Milanesi P., Martí D., Anton M., Klvaňová A., Kalyakin M.V., Bauer H.-G., Foppen R.P.B. (2020). European Breeding Bird Atlas 2: Distribution, Abundance and Change. European Bird Census Council and Lynx Edicions.
Kilpatrick A.M. (2011). Globalization, land use, and the invasion of West Nile virus. Science 334: 323-327.
Kilpatrick A.M., Daszak P., Jones M.J., Marra P.P., Kramer L.D. (2006). Host heterogeneity dominates West Nile virus transmission. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 273: 2327–2333.
Klein Goldewijk K., Beusen A., Janssen P. (2010). Long-term dynamic modeling of global population and built-up area in a spatially explicit way: HYDE 3.1. The Holocene 20: 565-573.
Klem Jr D. (2009). Preventing bird–window collisions. The Wilson Journal of Ornithology 121: 314-321.
Koch W., Hogeweg L., Nilsen E.B., O’Hara R.B., Finstad A.G. (2023). Recognizability bias in citizen science photographs. Royal Society Open Science 10: 221063.
Kowarik I., Fischer L.K., Haase D., Kabisch N., Kleinschroth F., Konijnendijk C., Straka T.M., von Haaren C. (2025). Promoting urban biodiversity for the benefit of people and nature. Nature Reviews Biodiversity 1: 214-232.
Lanfossi P. (1835). Cenni sull’ornitologia lombarda. Biblioteca Italiana 78: 1-46.
Langemeyer J., Gómez-Baggethun E. (2018). Urban biodiversity and ecosystem services. In: Ossola A., Niemelä J. (eds.), Urban Biodiversity - From Research to Practice, Routledge, pp. 36-53.
Lardelli R., Bogliani G., Brichetti P., Caprio E., Celada C., Conca G., Fraticelli F., Gustin M., Janni O., Pedrini P., Puglisi L., Rubolini D., Ruggieri L., Spina F., Tinarelli R., Calvi G., Brambilla M. (eds.) (2022). Atlante degli uccelli nidificanti in Italia. Edizioni Belvedere.
Laurance W.F., Engert J. (2022). Sprawling cities are rapidly encroaching on Earth’sbiodiversity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 119: 1–2.
Lawson B., Robinson R.A., Colvile K.M., Peck K.M., Chantrey J., Pennycott T.W., Simpson V.R, Toms M.P., Cunningham A. A. (2012). The emergence and spread of finch trichomonosis in the British Isles. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 367: 2852-2863.
Lehikoinen A., Lehikoinen E., Valkama J., Väisänen R.A., Isomursu M. (2013). Impacts of trichomonosis epidemics on Greenfinch Chloris chloris and Chaffinch Fringilla coelebs populations in Finland. Ibis 155: 357-366.
Leong M., Dunn R.R., Trautwein M.D. (2018). Biodiversity and Socioeconomics in the City: A Review of the Luxury Effect. Biology Letters 14: 20180082.
Londei T. (1996). Ripetuta nidificazione di una coppia di gazze, Pica pica, a Milano. Rivista Italiana di Ornitologia 66: 75-76.
Lu X., Guo Y., Shen J., Liu J., Ling G., Tian X., Jia Y., Che Y., Wang H., Wang Y. (2026). Multidecadal legacy of uneven urbanization on divergent prospects for bird biodiversity. Nature Cities 3: 176-188.
Luniak M. (2017). Urban ornithological atlases in Europe: a review. In: Murgui E., Hedblom M. (eds.), Ecology and conservation of birds in urban environments, Springer, pp. 209-223.
MacLeod R., Barnett P., Clark J., Cresswell W. (2006). Mass-dependent predation risk as a mechanism for house sparrow declines? Biology Letters 2: 43-46.
Maechler M., Rousseeuw P., Struyf A., Hubert M., Hornik K. (2025). cluster: Cluster Analysis Basics and Extensions. R package version 2.1.8.1.
Malher F., Lesaffre G. (2007). L’histoire des oiseaux nicheurs à Paris. Alauda 75: 309-318.
Malara E. (2012). Il naviglio di Milano. Hoepli.
Manly B.F.J., McDonald L.L., Thomas D.L., McDonald T.L., Erickson W.P. (2002). Resource selection by animals: statistical design and analysis for field studies - 2nd edn. Kluwer Academic.
Marcolin F., Mammola S., Alba R., Segurado P., Reino L., Chamberlain D. (2025). Socio‐economic status and non‐native species drive bird ecosystem service provision in urban areas. Global Change Biology 31: e70311.
Marcolin F., Alba R., Mammola S., Assandri G., Ilahiane L., Rubolini D., Reino L., Chamberlain D. (2026). Non‐native parrot species expand the trait space of avian communities by filling empty niches in urban areas. Ibis in stampa.
Marselle M.R., Lindley S.J., Cook P.A., Bonn A. (2021). Biodiversity and health in the urban environment. Current Environmental Health Reports 8: 146-156.
Martorelli G. (1931). Gli uccelli d’Italia (2ª edizione). Rizzoli.
Marzluff J.M., Bowman R., Donnelly R. (eds.) (2001). Avian ecology and conservation in an urbanizing world. Springer Science and Business Media.
McCormick K., Kiss B., Palgan Y. V., Bulkeley H., Davis M., Raven R., Luque-Ayala A., Hörschelmann K. (2024). Urban nature: new directions for city futures. Cambridge University Press.
McDonald R.I., Kareiva P., Forman R.T. (2008). The implications of current and future urbanization for global protected areas and biodiversity conservation. Biological Conservation 141: 1695-1703.
McKinney M.L. (2006). Urbanization as a major cause of biotic homogenization. Biological Conservation 127: 247–260.
Melia S., Parkhurst G., Barton H. (2011). The paradox of intensification. Transport Policy 18: 46-52.
Møller A.P. (2012). Urban areas as refuges from predators and flight distance of prey. Behavioral Ecology 23: 1030-1035.
Mollot G., Pantel J.H., Romanuk T.N. (2017). The effects of invasive species on the decline in species richness: A global meta-analysis. Advances in Ecological Research 56: 61–83.
Moltoni E. (1945). Pappagalli in libertà nei Giardini Pubblici di Milano e loro nidificazione in colonia in associazione con il passero. Rivista Italiana di Ornitologia 15: 98-106.
Moltoni E. (1951). La tortora dal collare orientale è arrivata anche a Milano. Rivista Italiana di Ornitologia 21: 124-125.
Moltoni E. (1953). Gli uccelli di Milano città. Atti della Società Italiana di Scienze Naturali 92: 153-188.
Montier D. (1977). Atlas of breeding birds of the London area. Batsford.
Mori E., Menchetti M. (2021). The ecological impacts of introduced parrots. In: Pruett-Jones S. (ed.), Naturalized parrots of the world: distribution, ecology, and impacts of the world’s most colorful colonizers, Princeton University Press, pp. 87-101.
Mott D.F. (1980). Dispersing blackbirds and starlings from objectionable roost sites. Proceedings of the 9th Vertebrate Pest Conference: 28.
Motta P. (2020). Urbanization and Sustainability after the COVID-19 Pandemic. The International Journal of Social Quality 10: 1-28.
Murgui E. (2014). Population trends in breeding and wintering birds in urban parks: a 15-year study (1998-2013) in Valencia, Spain. Revista Catalana d’Ornitologia 30: 30-40.
Nakayama S.M., Morita A., Ikenaka Y., Mizukawa H., Ishizuka M. (2019). A review: poisoning by anticoagulant rodenticides in non-target animals globally. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 81: 298-313.
Negro J.J., Prenda J., Ferrero J.J., Rodríguez A., Reig-Ferrer A. (2020). A timeline for the urbanization of wild birds: the case of the lesser kestrel. Quaternary Science Reviews 249: 106638.
Newton I. (1998). Population limitation in birds. Academic Press.
Newton I. (2023). The migration ecology of birds. Elsevier.
Nova M. (1988). Indagine sulla distribuzione dell’avifauna nidificante in Milano città. Tesi di Laurea in Scienze Naturali, Università degli Studi di Milano.
Nova M. (2003). Da Moltoni al 2000: le conoscenze sugli uccelli nidificanti a Milano. Rivista Italiana di Ornitologia 72: 127-149.
Nova M., Carugati C., Contini M. (1990). Fauna Urbana. Quaderni “Conoscere la Natura”, Comune di Milano, Settore Educazione.
Nova M., Ilahiane L., Rubolini D. (2026). The Atlas of Breeding Birds in the City of Milan (2009-2024). Version 1.4. Dipartimento di Scienze e Politiche Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Milano - Occurrence dataset (https://doi. org/10.15468/9w6arm).
Nowak D.J., Greenfield E.J. (2020). The increase of impervious cover and decrease of tree cover within urban areas globally (2012–2017). Urban Forestry and Urban Greening 49: 126638.
O’Brien L.E., Urbanek R.E., Gregory J.D. (2022). Ecological functions and human benefits of urban forests. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening 75: 127707.
Olden J.D., Comte L., Giam X. (2018). The Homogocene: A research prospectus for the study of biotic homogenisation. NeoBiota 37: 23-36.
Oliva F. (2002). L’urbanistica di Milano. Quel che resta dei piani urbanistici nella crescita e nella trasformazione della città, con sei itinerari. Hoepli.
Parau L.G., Strubbe D., Mori E., Menchetti M., Ancillotto L., van Kleunen A., White R.L., Luna A., Hernández-Brito D., Le Louarn M., Clergeau P., Albayrak T., Detlev F., Braun M.P., Schroeder J., Wink M. (2016). Rose-ringed Parakeet Psittacula krameri Populations and Numbers in Europe: A Complete Overview. The Open Ornithology Journal 9: 1-13.
Pasqui G. (2018). Raccontare Milano - Progetti, politiche, immaginari. Franco Angeli.
Paz Silva C., Sepúlveda R.D., Barbosa O. (2016). Nonrandom filtering effect on birds: species and guilds response to urbanization. Ecology and Evolution 6: 3711-3720.
Pazzucconi A. (1997). Nidi e uova degli uccelli d’Italia. Calderini.
Pejchar L., Mooney H.A. (2009). Invasive species, ecosystem services and human well-being. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 24: 497-504.
Perrin A., Glaizot O., Christe P. (2022). Worldwide impacts of landscape anthropization on mosquito abundance and diversity: A meta‐analysis. Global Change Biology 28: 6857-6871.
Perry G., Boal C., Verble R., Wallace M. (2020). “Good” and “bad” urban wildlife. In: Angelici F.M., Rossi L. (eds.), Problematic wildlife II: New conservation and management challenges in the human-wildlife interactions, Springer International Publishing, pp. 141-170.
Pinoli G., Nova M. (1987). Indagine preliminare sugli uccelli nidificanti di Milano città. Picus 13: 133-140.
Pirovano A. (1995). Avvistamenti: cronache dell’inverno. Rivista Italiana di Birdwatching 3: 60-66.
Pirovano A. (2018). Linee Guida per la tutela dei rondoni nell’ambito degli interventi edilizi (V1.0.). Progetto Natura Onlus. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18033624
Pirovano A., Rubolini D., Brambilla S., Ferrari N. (2000a). Winter diet of urban roosting Long-eared Owls Asio otus in northern Italy: the importance of the Brown Rat Rattus norvegicus. Bird Study 47: 242-244.
Pirovano A., Rubolini D., de Michelis S. (2000b). Winter roost occupancy and behaviour at evening departure of urban long‐eared owls. Italian Journal of Zoology 67: 63-66.
Pogliani L. (2006). Pianificare per accordi in Lombardia: Innovazioni al bivio tra deregolamentazione e responsabilità negoziale. In: Curti, F. (ed.), Lo scambio leale, Officina Edizioni, pp. 100-129.
Pogliani L. (2022), Sustainability challenges in redevelopments: insights from the re-use of seven rail yards in Milan. Upland 6: 59-70.
Preininger D., Schoas B., Kramer D., Boeckle M. (2019). Waste disposal sites as all-you-can eat buffets for carrion crows (Corvus corone). Animals 9: 215.
Puchol-Salort P., O’Keeffe J., van Reeuwijk M., Mijic A. (2021). An urban planning sustainability framework: Systems approach to blue green urban design. Sustainable Cities and Society 66: 102677.
Quaglia S., Geissler J.B. (2017). Milan Rural Metropolis. The neo-ruralisation of the city. In: Reilly J., Klass F. (eds.), Review 13 – Smart Communities, ISOCARP, pp. 84-98.
R Core Team (2025). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing.
Ramalho C.E., Hobbs R.J. (2012). Time for a change: dynamic urban ecology. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 27: 179-188.
Ranazzi L., Manganaro A., Salvati L. (2002). Density fluctuations in an urban population of Tawny Owl Strix aluco: a long-term study in Rome, Italy. Ornis Svecica 12: 63–67.
Regaiolo I., Amar A., Batáry P., Reynolds C., Henry D.A., Caprio E., Chamberlain D. (2025). Wealth and wildlife in cities: How economic and demographic drivers influence global urban environmental injustice. People and Nature 7: 3142-3153.
Reynolds S.J., Ibáñez-Álamo J.D., Sumasgutner P., Mainwaring M.C. (2019). Urbanisation and nest building in birds: a review of threats and opportunities. Journal of Ornithology 160: 841-860.
Rheindt F.E., Donald P.F., Donsker D.B., Gerbracht J.A., Iliff M.J., Lepage D., Norman J.A., Rasmussen P.C., Schodde R., Schulenberg T.S., Areta J.I., Brammer F.P., Chesser R.T., Dowsett R.J., Peterson A., Alström P., Stervander M., Remsen J.V., Garnett S.T., Homberger D.G., Lei F., Christidis L. (2025). AviList: a unified global bird checklist. Biodiversity and Conservation 34: 3359–3376.
Rigal S., Dakos V., Alonso H., Auniņš A., Benkő Z., Brotons L., Chodkiewicz T., Chylarecki P., De Carli E., del Moral J.C., Domșa C., Escandell V., Fontaine B., Foppen R., Gregory R., Harris S., Herrando S., Husby M., Ieronymidou C., Jiguet F., Kennedy J., Klvaňová A., Kmecl P., Kuczyński L., Kurlavičius P., Kålås J.A., Lehikoinen A., Lindström Å., Lorrillière R., Moshøj C., Nellis R., Noble D., Palm Eskildsen D., Paquet J.-Y., Pelissié M., Pladevall C., Portolou D., Reif J., Schmid H., Seaman B., Szabo Z.D., Szép T., Tellini Florenzano G., Teufelbauer N., Trautmann S., van Turnhout C., Vermouzek Z., Vikstrøm T., Voříšek P., Weiserbs A., Devictor V. (2023). Farmland practices are driving bird population decline across Europe. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 120: e2216573120.
Rodrigues A.S., Pilgrim J.D., Lamoreux J.F., Hoffmann M., Brooks T.M. (2006). The value of the IUCN Red List for conservation. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 21: 71-76.
Rolando A. (2002). On the ecology of home range in birds. Revue d’Ecologie 57: 53-73.
Roth R.R. (1976). Spatial heterogeneity and bird species diversity. Ecology 57: 773-782.
Roux K.E., Marra P.P. (2007). The presence and impact of environmental lead in passerine birds along an urban to rural land use gradient. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 53: 261-268.
Ruijsbroek A., Mohnen S.M., Droomers M., Kruize H., Gidlow C., Gražulevičiene R., Andrusaityte S., Maas J., Nieuwenhuijsen M.J., Triguero-Mas M., Masterson D., Ellis N., van Kempen E., Hardyns W., Stronks K., Groenewegen P.P. (2017). Neighbourhood green space, social environment and mental health: an examination in four European cities. International Journal of Public Health 62: 657-667.
Rubolini D., Pirovano A., Borghi S. (2003). Influence of seasonality, temperature and rainfall on the winter diet of the long-eared owl, Asio otus. Folia Zoologica 52, 67-76.
Rumi G., Buratti A.C., Cova A. (1990). Milano nell’Unità nazionale, 1860-1898. Cariplo.
Sacchi R., Gentilli A., Razzetti E., Barbieri F. (2002). Effects of building features on density and flock distribution of feral pigeons Columba livia var. domestica in an urban environment. Canadian Journal of Zoology 80: 48-54.
Santangeli A., Haukka A., Morris W.K., Arkkila S.E.M., Delhey K., Kempenaers B., Valcu M., Dale J., Lehikoinen A., Mammola S. (2023). What drives our aesthetic attraction to birds? npj Biodiversity 2: 20.
Schoener T.W. (1968). Sizes of feeding territories among birds. Ecology 49: 123-141.
Scortecci G. (1953). Animali: come sono, dove vivono, come vivono - Vol. III. Labor.
Schütz C., Schulze C.H. (2015). Functional diversity of urban bird communities: effects of landscape composition, green space area and vegetation cover. Ecology and Evolution 5: 5230–5239.
Seress G., Liker A. (2015). Habitat urbanization and its effects on birds. Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 61: 373-408.
Seress G., Sándor K., Bókony V., Bukor B., Hubai K., Liker A. (2025). Radio‐tracking urban breeding birds: The importance of native vegetation. Ecological Applications 35: e3095.
Sevesi A. (1937). Gli uccelli della città di Milano. Rivista Italiana di Ornitologia 7: 167-193.
Shaw L.M., Chamberlain D., Evans M. (2008). The House Sparrow Passer domesticus in urban areas: reviewing a possible link between post-decline distribution and human socioeconomic status. Journal of Ornithology 149: 293-299.
Sicurella B., Caprioli M., Romano A., Romano M., Rubolini D., Saino N., Ambrosini R. (2014). Hayfields enhance colony size of the Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica in northern Italy. Bird Conservation International 24: 17-31.
Simberloff D., Martin J.L., Genovesi P., Maris V., Wardle D.A., Aronson J., Courchamp F., Galil B., García-Berthou E., Pascal M., Pyšek P. (2013). Impacts of biological invasions: what’s what and the way forward. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 28: 58-66.
Smart S.M., Thompson K., Marrs R.H., Le Duc M.G., Maskell L.C., Firbank L.G. (2006). Biotic homogenization and changes in species diversity across human-modified ecosystems. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: 273: 2659-2665.
Spina F., Volponi S. (2008). Atlante della migrazione degli uccelli in Italia. Volume 1: Non- Passeriformi. ISPRA.
Stagoll K., Lindenmayer D.B., Knight E., Fischer J., Manning A.D. (2012). Large trees are keystone structures in urban parks. Conservation Letters 5: 115-122.
Stofberg M., Cunningham S.J., Sumasgutner P., Amar A. (2019). Juggling a “junk-food” diet: responses of an urban bird to fluctuating anthropogenic-food availability. Urban Ecosystems 22: 1019-1026.
Sullivan M.J., Newson S.E., Pearce-Higgins J.W. (2015). Using habitat-specific population trends to evaluate the consistency of the effect of species traits on bird population change. Biological Conservation 192: 343-352.
Sumasgutner P., Cunningham S.J., Hegemann A., Amar A., Watson H., Nilsson J.F., Andersson M.N., Isaksson C. (2023). Interactive effects of rising temperatures and urbanisation on birds across different climate zones: A mechanistic perspective. Global Change Biology 29: 2399-2420.
Summers-Smith D., Sharpe C.J. (2020). Italian Sparrow (Passer italiae), version 1.0. In: del Hoyo J., Elliott A., Sargatal J., Christie D.A., de Juana E. (eds.), Birds of the World, Cornell Lab of Ornithology, pp. 3718-3731.
Swaddle J.P., Brewster B., Schuyler M., Su A. (2023). Window films increase avoidance of collisions by birds but only when applied to external compared with internal surfaces of windows. PeerJ 11: e14676.
Teyssier A., Matthysen E., Hudin N.S., De Neve L., White J., Lens L. (2020). Diet contributes to urban-induced alterations in gut microbiota: experimental evidence from a wild passerine. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 287: 20192182.
Tobin P.C. (2018). Managing invasive species. F1000Research 7: 1686.
Uchida K., Blakey R.V., Burger J.R., Cooper D.S., Niesner C.A., Blumstein D.T. (2021). Urban biodiversity and the importance of scale. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 36: 123-131.
van Ham C., Genovesi P., Scalera R. (2013). Invasive alien species: the urban dimension - Case studies on strengthening local action in Europe. IUCN European Union Representative Office.
Vertua I., Menand C., Musters R. J., Jennings V., Cerritelli G., Gagliardo A., Giunchi D., Vanni L., Carere C., Rubolini D. (2025). Exposure to a raptor‐like robot induces collective escape responses in two avian species and can trigger massive and persistent displacements. Ecological Solutions and Evidence 6: e70078.
Wallace K.J. (2007). Classification of ecosystem services: problems and solutions. Biological Conservation 139: 235-246.
Wan C., Shen G.Q., Choi S. (2021). Underlying relationships between public urban green spaces and social cohesion: A systematic literature review. City, Culture and Society 24 (2021): 100383.
Werner P., Kelcey J.G. (2017). Urban Green and Biodiversity. In: Tan P., Jim C. (eds.), Greening Cities - Advances in 21st Century Human Settlements, Springer, pp. 131-154.
Wiens J.A. (1989). The ecology of bird communities, Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press.
Youngsteadt E., Keighron M.C. (2023). Urban pollination ecology. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 54: 21-42.
Zeller H.G., Schuffenecker I. (2004). West Nile virus: an overview of its spread in Europe and the Mediterranean basin in contrast to its spread in the Americas. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 23: 147-156.
Questo lavoro è fornito con la licenza Creative Commons Attribuzione - Non commerciale 4.0 Internazionale.